This part of the guide will give examples of the main ways in which you might want to cite a reference within your piece of work.
Quotations of less than one line.
Include quotations of less than one line in the main body of the text within single inverted commas.
Example:
Sparke (2009, p.19) argues that ‘we are so surrounded by design that it feels as if life must have always been lived this way’.
Longer quotations
Indent longer quotations at both left and right margins and use single line spacing, quotation marks are not required.
Example:
Examining different modes of production Sparke (2009, p.22) ascertains that:
Craft-making relies on the maker’s tacit knowledge and
skill, based on repeated practice, and involves chance and
an ability to improvise. Factory production eliminated these
elements.
Note that there are no quotation marks on longer quotations that have been dropped and indented.
Paraphrasing
Example:
Members of a given subculture distinguish themselves from mainstream society by adopting a distinctive individual identity (Sparke, 2009, p.63).
In all three cases you can place the author name into brackets alongside the date and page number, or alternatively place the author name on the outside of the brackets, depending on the structure of the sentence.
The entry in the bibliography at the end of your work for any of the references above would appear as:
Sparke, P. (2009). The genius of design. London: Quadrille.
Further guidelines
Multiple authors
If there are two or three authors use all names:
Smith and Mockeridge (1993, p.5) state that …….
In contrast Brown, Brignone and Ward (2001, pp.5-7) put forward the view that ……..
If there are four or more authors use the first author’s Family Name followed by et al.:
Kotler et al. (2002) argue that ……………………..
Author with more than one piece of work published in the same year
If the author has published more than one piece of work in the same year use lower case letters to distinguish the sources:
Example:
Bentley (1980a) surveyed ……… The conclusions he drew from this study were replicated (Bentley, 1980b) and are therefore more reliable than earlier studies.
Secondary Referencing
While you are consulting an original work, you may come across a summary of another author’s work, which you would like to make reference to in your own document. This is called secondary referencing:
A direct reference:
Research recently carried out by Brown (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that……..
In this example, Brown is the work, which you wish to refer to, but have not read directly for yourself. Bassett is the secondary source, where you found the summary of Brown’s work.
Or indirectly:
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)
You would reference Bassett in your reference list, but not Brown.
In the example below White is the primary or original source and Black is the secondary source. It is important to realise that Black may have taken White's ideas forward, and altered their original meaning. It is recommended that where possible, you read the original source for yourself rather than rely on someone else’s interpretation of a work.
White, (1990) as cited in Black (1994), suggests that…
You would reference Black in your reference list, but not White.
The reference list at the end of your document should only contain works that you have read.
Citing from websites
You can cite from a website in the same way that you would cite from any other resource. It can be difficult to ascertain the author of a website, if you can’t find an individual name use the name of the organisation or company to whom the website belongs. It can also be difficult to find out when the material was published. If there is a last updated date, or a date next to the copyright symbol at the bottom of the page use this, but if there is no indication of date no date (n.d.) should be put in brackets after the name. You will not need to use page numbers.
Example 1:
At the Edinburgh Fringe this year ‘the average cost of putting on a show is estimated at around £6,000’ (Geoghegan, 2010)
The entry in the reference list at the end of your work would appear as:
Geoghegan, K. (2010). Sampling the Edinburgh Fringe for free. [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10917356 [Accessed 10 August 2010]
Example 2:
Until the middle of the nineteenth century 'natural colours were used to dye wool, with three stages when it could occur: when it was still a fleece, in threads ready for weaving, or after the cloth had been woven'. (National Museum Wales, n.d.)
The entry in the reference list at the end of your work would appear as:
National Museum Wales (n.d.). The process – from fleece to fabric. [online] Available from: http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/wool/the-process/ [Accessed 10 August 2010]
Quoting dialogue from a film
In text citation:
Beetlejuice (Burton, 1988) contains comedic moments such as when Beetlejuice says "These aren't my rules. Come to think of it, I don't have any rules."
The entry in the bibliography at the end of your work would appear as:
Burton, T. (1988). Beetlejuice. [DVD]. London: Warner Home Video
